Group Therapy: How To Provide Effective Sessions

Although one-on-one sessions are the foundation of my practice, I find that group therapy is a very powerful approach.

Group therapy allows for multiple dimensions of therapeutic interaction, drawing on the experience of the group as a whole and as a collection of individuals. Rooted in shared experiences, the groups I have worked with have created a safe, empathetic environment to foster healing, personal growth, and support.

This article provides an overview of group therapy, its types, and actionable strategies for conducting effective sessions.

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What Is Group Therapy & Who Is It For?

Group therapy involves providing psychological help to clients in a group setting (Slavson, 1949). It usually involves a semi-structured, therapeutic environment where a small number of people with similar circumstances meet regularly to discuss their challenges and support each other to progress toward emotional wellbeing (Schlapobersky, 2015).

This format allows members to gain insights from each other’s experiences, making it especially beneficial for those dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, and/or substance use disorders (Gilbert & Procter, 2006). Group therapy often complements individual therapy, reinforcing coping skills and enhancing self-awareness (Kelly et al., 2017).

Yalom’s group therapy principles

Irvin Yalom, a pioneer in group therapy, identified several therapeutic factors that make group therapy effective (Smolar, 2000).

1. Instillation of hope
   Seeing others improve can help participants believe in the therapeutic process and give them hope for their own outcomes.
2. Universality
   Recognizing that others face similar challenges can help clients feel less isolated and foster relief.
3. Altruism
   Helping others in the group boosts self-worth.
4. Imparting information
   Through psychoeducation and advice from other members, clients learn strategies for coping and wellbeing.
5. Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
   Group dynamics can help members process past family or relational issues.
6. Socialization techniques
   The group setting allows members to practice interpersonal skills in a supportive environment.
7. Imitative behavior
   Observing and imitating other members can inspire positive behavioral changes.
8. Interpersonal learning
   Receiving constructive feedback aids self-awareness and improvement.
9. Group cohesiveness
   Feeling accepted and connected within the group provides a sense of belonging and acceptance, which is fundamental for effective therapy.
10. Catharsis
    Expressing emotions in a safe space fosters relief.
11. Existential factors
    Group therapy provides an opportunity to explore existential issues such as the meaning of life and personal responsibility.

These principles provide a comprehensive framework for understanding and enhancing the therapeutic process in group settings (Mahon & Leszcz, 2017). They have been integrated into various therapeutic practices and educational programs, and you can adapt them to various contexts within your therapy practice.

You can learn more about Irvin Yalom’s group therapy process in this YouTube clip.

5 Types of Group Therapy

Groups may be open or closed. Open groups mean that members can join at any time. A therapy group is described as closed when a fixed group of people meet, and no new members are allowed to join once the therapy process has begun.

Over and above these two types of groups, therapy groups may also vary based on focus, goals, and methods. Some common types include:

1. Psychoeducational groups

These groups aim to provide information and skills relevant to specific psychological issues, such as managing stress or understanding a particular condition such as depression or anxiety (Lorentzen et al., 2014). They are structured and often led by a facilitator with expertise in the subject.

2. Skill development groups

These groups often target social, cognitive, and emotional skills through various therapeutic techniques and activities (Colle & Fiore, 2021).

Emphasis is placed on overtly teaching specific skills, such as anger management, mindfulness, or assertive communication. Experiential exercises, role-play, and practice are often integral, giving members practical tools to use outside of the group.

3. Cognitive behavioral groups

In cognitive behavioral therapy groups, participants learn how thoughts influence behaviors and emotions (Steinberg et al., 2023). Members explore negative thought patterns and learn strategies to change them so that they can develop healthier responses to stressors.

4. Support groups

Support groups provide a space for individuals with similar experiences or conditions to come together to provide mutual support, share experiences, and offer emotional and practical assistance (Worrall et al., 2018).

These groups are used extensively in various contexts, including mental health, chronic illness management, addiction recovery, and cancer care, to improve participants’ quality of life and mental wellbeing.

5. Virtual groups

Virtual group therapy is a form of group therapy offered on an online platform (Nieborowska et al., 2022). It provides accessibility to those who may face barriers such as location, physical limitations, or time constraints.

Virtual support groups provide opportunities for people worldwide to benefit from group support. If you’re planning to create a virtual support group for your client base, be aware that building trust can require additional time and effort.

These are just a few of the types of groups used to provide group therapy. If you’re planning a group therapy program, you may also want to look into some specific approaches, such as

• Mindful self-compassion-based group therapy
• Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
• Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
• Psychodrama

Benefits of Group Therapy

Studies from as far back as the 70s suggest that group therapy provides benefits such as peer support, improved social skills, and effective behavioral techniques and is particularly useful for conditions like depression, schizophrenia, smoking cessation, bereavement, and cancer-related distress (Guttmacher et al., 1971). It provides unique benefits that include:

1. Enhanced insight
   Feedback from multiple perspectives can deepen self-awareness.
2. Connection and belonging
   Being part of a supportive group combats isolation.
3. Practical skills
   Many groups provide tools and exercises that improve coping.
4. Reduced stigma
   Sharing experiences helps normalize mental health challenges.
5. Cost efficiency
   Group sessions are often less expensive than individual therapy.

Clinical effectiveness

Research consistently highlights the clinical efficacy of group therapy for various issues (Roy & Roy, 2008). The group format appears to enhance motivation and accountability while normalizing struggles, which can lead to better engagement and adherence to treatment plans (Uliaszek et al., 2018).

How to Provide Effective Group Counseling

Facilitating effective group therapy programs involves embodying the group’s aspired identity, creating a structured yet flexible therapeutic environment, employing specific communication techniques, and ensuring comprehensive preparation and management (Arias-Pujol & Anguera, 2020).

If you’re planning to run a group therapy program, or if you’ve started a therapy group and you’d like to improve its efficacy, you may want to cover the following bases:

5 general guidelines & rules

As a client-centered therapist, I am not a fan of models of care or prescriptive rules, but I do have to admit that they have their place, and effective group therapy does have five foundational guidelines:

1. Confidentiality
   Sharing in the group requires vulnerability and trust, and that cannot be expected or nurtured without a no-compromise attitude to confidentiality.
2. Attendance and promptness
   Continuity and respect require that all members attend the group sessions and arrive on time in a show of respect for the other members and the process.
3. Social boundaries
   Group therapy is a working therapeutic process; it is not a social activity, so members should try not to socialize while the group is in process.
4. Communicate with words, not actions
   The urge to reach out and comfort someone who is distressed may be great, but try to encourage verbal support over physical comfort. This will help to avoid uncomfortable breaches in personal space, and it will help members to improve their verbal communication skills.
5. Participation is key
   If group members are to benefit, they need to participate, and if the group is to be successful, it needs everyone to participate.

How to select members

Careful selection based on group goals and dynamics is essential. Members should have compatible goals, needs, and capacities (Gans & Counselman, 2010). Screening will allow you to assess potential participants for suitability and ensure a balanced group dynamic.

5 stages of group therapy

Much like working groups are thought to have five stages of dynamics — forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning (Othman et al., 2023) — therapy groups have their own stages of development: initial contact/orientation, working phase, catharsis/insight, problem-solving/social learning, and termination (Battegay, 1986). Let’s look at these in a bit more detail.

1. Initial contact/orientation
   Members establish rapport, familiarize themselves with group norms, and build trust within the group.
2. Working phase
   Now, members begin engaging more openly, sharing deeper issues, and actively participating in the therapeutic process.
3. Catharsis/insight
   Members experience emotional release and gain insights into their own behaviors and emotions through feedback and group reflections.
4. Problem-solving/social learning
   Members work together to develop coping strategies, practice new behaviors, and support each other’s growth.
5. Termination
   The group reflects on their progress, discusses lessons learned, and prepares for closure, reinforcing skills for continued growth beyond the group setting.

Recognizing and working with these stages will help you support your group more effectively.

Building cohesion & trust

As a therapist, you know the value of trust in the therapeutic process, so create an environment that will help to foster it. Encourage respect, empathy, and confidentiality in the group. Icebreakers, collaborative exercises, and consistency can also reinforce connections and ensure members feel safe to open up.

Handling conflict

Conflict is natural in groups, and in group therapy it is important for group development. You will, however, need to manage it well if you want to use it constructively (Paz et al., 2019). You should try to encourage open dialogue, model respectful conflict resolution, and keep the group on track toward constructive outcomes.

If the thought of navigating conflict in your groups feels a bit overwhelming, consider reading our post on nonviolent communication.

5 Techniques for Group Counseling

Interactive exercises to promote bonding, skill building, and self-reflection have long been used to conduct successful group therapy (Chance, 1976). Examples of long-standing group therapy techniques include:

1. Role-play helps members practice new behaviors and perspectives.
2. Mindfulness exercises encourage presence, self-compassion, and emotional regulation.
3. Reflective listening fosters deeper understanding and reinforces empathy.
4. Self-monitoring allows members to track and share their behavioral changes or emotional patterns.
5. Journaling encourages self-expression and reflection between sessions.

More recent approaches and techniques that incorporate specific therapeutic approaches such as ACT and DBT have also proven to be very effective in group therapy (Takahashi et al., 2019).

4 Books on Group Therapy

If you’ve found this interesting and you’d like to learn more, you may want to dip into a few of our favorite group therapy books.

1. The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy – Irvin Yalom and Molyn Leszcz

This is the sixth edition of what has been the standard textbook for group therapy for decades.

This edition includes the seminal work and additional decades of research, as well as the experience and wisdom of the authors. It is a wonderful place to start.

Find the book on Amazon.

2. Trauma-Informed Principles in Group Therapy, Psychodrama, and Organizations – Scott Giacomucci

If you’re looking for practical guidelines, detailed instructions, and diverse examples for facilitating both trauma-informed and trauma-focused groups in treatment, community, and organizational leadership, then this book is for you.

Each chapter focuses on various topics, including safety, empowerment, social justice, vicarious trauma, and leadership. It contains a blend of theory, research, practical guidance, and examples from the author’s experience.

Find the book on Amazon.

3. Experiential Group Therapy Interventions With DBT: A 30-Day Program for Treating Addictions and Trauma – Allan Katz and Mary Hickam Bellofatto

This little gem will provide you with proven experiential exercises that use DBT skills and original educational topics that have successfully helped treat clients with addiction and trauma.

It outlines the advantages of using experiential therapy to facilitate groups and explains how DBT can help to regulate emotions and more efficiently tolerate stress. This workbook provides plans and exercises for a 30-day group program.

Find the book on Amazon.

4. Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life – Marshall Rosenberg

My last and favorite is one that, although not specifically about groups, is very helpful in effectively managing conflict and being able to use group conflict to achieve better outcomes.

It is written by a man who spent most of his working life helping to facilitate conflict resolution at the highest levels. This book provides an easy-to-read guide to nonviolent communication.

Nonviolent communication is the integration of four things:

1. Consciousness: a way of being that supports living a life of compassion, collaboration, courage, and authenticity
2. Language: understanding how our choice of words contribute to connection or distance
3. Communication: knowing how to listen and really hear others, and how to ask for what we want so that we can move toward solutions that work for all
4. Means of influence: sharing “power with others” rather than using “power over others”

These four elements are extremely beneficial in a group therapy session, in facilitating the group and navigating the inevitable conflict that arises and in skill development. I have seen clients learn to use the principles of nonviolent communication to improve their relationships and their wellbeing.

Find the book on Amazon.

PositivePsychology.com’s Helpful Resources

PositivePsychology.com offers a range of practical resources for group therapy practitioners. These include worksheets, exercises, and activities designed to build rapport, improve emotional intelligence, and develop coping skills. A few examples include the following:

Our Empathy Bingo Worksheet is a two-part handout that can be used in group therapy sessions to help clients differentiate between empathy and other responses. Developing and showing empathy is an important part of the group therapy process.

If you work with groups of children, you may find our My Favorite Animal Worksheet helpful. This worksheet lets children pick a favorite animal and use its characteristics to identify and communicate how they’d like to be seen, how they think others see them, and how they really are.

Related topics that might be helpful to read include our article offering therapy questions that every therapist should ask. In a similar vein, our article about family therapy can be just as useful for any therapist or counselor seeking to be optimally prepared for group therapy.

Lastly, the Positive Relationships Masterclass© is a comprehensive package that you can use to grow and develop your own relationship skills and, in turn, help your group therapy clients grow and develop theirs. It includes a detailed explanation of the key principles of relationships that promote human flourishing and provides hands-on tools to help your clients discover and invest in social bonds that matter.

If you’re looking for more science-based ways to help others enhance their wellbeing, this signature collection contains 17 validated positive psychology tools for practitioners. Use them to help others flourish and thrive.

A Take-Home Message

Group therapy provides a supportive, engaging, and sometimes experiential environment that fosters connection, accountability, and healing. An effective therapy group can empower individuals to overcome personal challenges, develop social skills, and achieve emotional growth.

Like most other therapeutic modalities, group therapy has its own guidelines and principles. By understanding and applying these principles, you can cultivate an environment where your group therapy clients can find value, support, and the tools for meaningful change.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises for free.

ED: Replaced Nov 2024